How to Build an AC Generator for Class 12 Physics Project (PDF)
If you are looking for a fun and educational physics project for class 12, you might want to try building your own AC generator. An AC generator is a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy by using electromagnetic induction. In this article, we will show you how to make a simple AC generator using cardboard, magnets, wire, and a nail. You will also learn the theory and working of an AC generator, and how to download a PDF report of this project.
Ac Generator Project For Class 12 Pdf Download
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Theory of AC Generator
An AC generator works on the principle of electromagnetic induction, which states that whenever a conductor moves in a magnetic field, an electric current is induced in it. The direction of the induced current depends on the direction of the motion and the magnetic field. The magnitude of the induced current depends on the speed of the motion and the strength of the magnetic field.
An AC generator consists of a coil of wire (called the armature) that rotates in a magnetic field produced by permanent magnets (called the field). As the coil rotates, it cuts across the magnetic lines of force and induces an alternating current (AC) in it. The AC current changes its direction every half rotation of the coil. The output voltage of the AC generator depends on the number of turns in the coil, the area of the coil, the strength of the magnetic field, and the speed of rotation.
Construction of AC Generator
To make your own AC generator, you will need the following materials:
A cardboard strip (about 30 cm long and 10 cm wide)
Four small neodymium magnets
A long nail
Some insulated copper wire (about 50 cm long)
A pair of scissors
A tape
A multimeter or a LED bulb
Follow these steps to construct your AC generator:
First, make a hollow-ended box with the cardboard strip. Score the cardboard strip along its width at 10 cm intervals and fold it into a rectangular shape. Tape it securely at the edges.
Use the nail to poke a hole through the center of the box, going through both sides and all three layers of cardboard. Then pull out the nail and widen all the holes slightly, so that when you put the nail back through, it will be loose and able to spin.
Clamp four magnets on opposite sides of the nail, near its ends. Make sure that they are aligned with their north and south poles facing each other.
Wind some wire around one end of the box, leaving some length at both ends. Make sure that you wind it tightly and evenly, covering as much area as possible. This will be your armature coil.
Strip off some insulation from both ends of the wire and connect them to a multimeter or a LED bulb. This will be your output circuit.
Insert the nail through the holes in the box, making sure that it passes through the center of the coil. Secure it with some tape at both ends.
Your AC generator is ready. Now you can spin the nail by hand or by using a drill and observe the output voltage or light on your multimeter or LED bulb.
Working of AC Generator
When you spin the nail, you are rotating the coil in the magnetic field created by the magnets. As the coil rotates, it cuts across different magnetic lines of force and induces an alternating current in it. The current changes its direction every time the coil passes through a position where it is perpendicular to the magnetic field. This is because in this position, there is no change in magnetic flux and hence no induced current. The current reaches its maximum value when the coil is parallel to
the magnetic field, as in this position, there is maximum change in magnetic flux and hence maximum induced current.
The output voltage of your AC generator follows a sinusoidal pattern, which means that it varies smoothly from positive to negative and back again. The frequency of this voltage depends on how fast you spin
the nail. The faster you spin it, the more cycles of voltage you get per c481cea774